本文重點:應(yīng)該為多態(tài)基類聲明虛析構(gòu)器。一旦一個類包含虛函數(shù),它就應(yīng)該包含一個虛析構(gòu)器。如果一個類不用作基類或者不需具有多態(tài)性,便不應(yīng)該為它聲明虛析構(gòu)器。
1、原因:
在實現(xiàn)多態(tài)時, 當(dāng)用基類指針操作派生類, 在析構(gòu)時候防止只析構(gòu)基類而不析構(gòu)派生類。
2、例子:
(1)、
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- class Base{
- public:
- Base() {};
- ~Base() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class Base!" << endl;};
- void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Base!" << endl; };
- };
- class Derived : public Base{
- public:
- Derived() {};
- ~Derived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class Derived!" << endl; };
- void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Derived!" << endl; };
- };
- int main(){
- Derived* p = new Derived;
- p->DoSomething();
- delete p;
- return 0;
- }
運行結(jié)果:
Do something in class Derived!
Output from the destructor of class Derived!
Output from the destructor of class Base!
代碼中基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)不是虛函數(shù),在main函數(shù)中用繼承類的指針去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指針P的過程是:先釋放繼承類的資源,再釋放基類資源。
(2)、
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- class Base{
- public:
- Base() {};
- ~Base() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class Base!" << endl;};
- void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Base!" << endl; };
- };
- class Derived : public Base{
- public:
- Derived() {};
- ~Derived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class Derived!" << endl; };
- void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Derived!" << endl; };
- };
- int main(){
- Base* p = new Derived;
- p->DoSomething();
- delete p;
- return 0;
- }
運行結(jié)果:
Do something in class ClxBase!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
代碼中基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)同樣不是虛函數(shù),不同的是在main函數(shù)中用基類的指針去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指針P的過程是:只釋放基類的資源,而沒有調(diào)用繼承類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)。 調(diào)用DoSomething()函數(shù)執(zhí)行的也是基類定義的函數(shù)。
一般情況下,這樣的刪除只能夠刪除基類對象,而不能刪除子類對象,形成了刪除一半形象,造成內(nèi)存泄漏。
在公有繼承中,基類對派生類及其對象的操作,只能影響到那些從基類繼承下來的成員。如果想要用基類對非繼承成員進行操作,則要把基類的這個函數(shù)定義為虛函數(shù)。 析構(gòu)函數(shù)自然也應(yīng)該如此:如果它想析構(gòu)子類中的重新定義或新的成員及對象,當(dāng)然也應(yīng)該聲明為虛的。
(3)、
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- class Base{
- public:
- Base() {};
- virtual ~Base() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class Base!" << endl;};
- virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Base!" << endl; };
- };
- class Derived : public Base{
- public:
- Derived() {};
- ~Derived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class Derived!" << endl; };
- void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class Derived!" << endl; };
- };
- int main(){
- Base* p = new Derived;
- p->DoSomething();
- delete p;
- return 0;
- }
運行結(jié)果:
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
代碼中基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)被定義為虛函數(shù),在main函數(shù)中用基類的指針去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指針P的過程是:釋放了繼承類的資源,再調(diào)用基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)。調(diào)用DoSomething()函數(shù)執(zhí)行的也是繼承類定義的函數(shù)。
3、總結(jié):
基類指針可以指向派生類的對象(多態(tài)性),如果刪除該指針delete p;就會調(diào)用該指針指向的派生類析構(gòu)函數(shù),而派生類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)又自動調(diào)用基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù),這樣整個派生類的對象完全被釋放。如果析構(gòu)函數(shù)不被聲明成虛函數(shù),則編譯器實施靜態(tài)綁定,在刪除基類指針時,只會調(diào)用基類的析構(gòu)函數(shù)而不調(diào)用派生類析構(gòu)函數(shù),這樣就會造成派生類對象析構(gòu)不完全。所以,將析構(gòu)函數(shù)聲明為虛函數(shù)是十分必要的。
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