盡力達到最全。
1、進程狀態
volatile long state;int exit_state; state成員的可能取值如下: #define TASK_RUNNING 0#define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 1#define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 2#define __TASK_STOPPED 4#define __TASK_TRACED 8/* in tsk->exit_state */#define EXIT_ZOMBIE 16#define EXIT_DEAD 32/* in tsk->state again */#define TASK_DEAD 64#define TASK_WAKEKILL 128#define TASK_WAKING 256 系統中的每個進程都必然處于以上所列進程狀態中的一種。 TASK_RUNNING表示進程要么正在執行,要么正要準備執行。 TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE表示進程被阻塞(睡眠),直到某個條件變為真。條件一旦達成,進程的狀態就被設置為TASK_RUNNING。 TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE的意義與TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE類似,除了不能通過接受一個信號來喚醒以外。 __TASK_STOPPED表示進程被停止執行。 __TASK_TRACED表示進程被debugger等進程監視。 EXIT_ZOMBIE表示進程的執行被終止,但是其父進程還沒有使用wait()等系統調用來獲知它的終止信息。 EXIT_DEAD表示進程的最終狀態。EXIT_ZOMBIE和EXIT_DEAD也可以存放在exit_state成員中。
2、進程標識符(PID)
pid_t pid;pid_t tgid; 在CONFIG_BASE_SMALL配置為0的情況下,PID的取值范圍是0到32767,即系統中的進程數最大為32768個。 /* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/threads.h */#define PID_MAX_DEFAULT (CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 0x1000 : 0x8000) 在Linux系統中,一個線程組中的所有線程使用和該線程組的領頭線程(該組中的第一個輕量級進程)相同的PID,并被存放在tgid成員中。只有線程組的領頭線程的pid成員才會被設置為與tgid相同的值。注意,getpid()系統調用返回的是當前進程的tgid值而不是pid值。 3、進程內核棧 void *stack; 進程通過alloc_thread_info函數分配它的內核棧,通過free_thread_info函數釋放所分配的內核棧。 /* linux-2.6.38.8/kernel/fork.c */ static inline struct thread_info *alloc_thread_info(struct task_struct *tsk){#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_STACK_USAGEgfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_ZERO;#elsegfp_t mask = GFP_KERNEL;#endifreturn (struct thread_info *)__get_free_pages(mask, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER);}static inline void free_thread_info(struct thread_info *ti){free_pages((unsigned long)ti, THREAD_SIZE_ORDER);} 其中,THREAD_SIZE_ORDER宏在linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h文件中被定義為1,也就是說alloc_thread_info函數通過調用__get_free_pages函數分配2個頁的內存(它的首地址是8192字節對齊的)。 Linux內核通過thread_union聯合體來表示進程的內核棧,其中THREAD_SIZE宏的大小為8192。 union thread_union {struct thread_info thread_info;unsigned long stack[THREAD_SIZE/sizeof(long)];}; 當進程從用戶態切換到內核態時,進程的內核棧總是空的,所以ARM的sp寄存器指向這個棧的頂端。因此,內核能夠輕易地通過sp寄存器獲得當前正在CPU上運行的進程。 /* linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/current.h */static inline struct task_struct *get_current(void){return current_thread_info()->task;}#define current (get_current())/* linux-2.6.38.8/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h */ static inline struct thread_info *current_thread_info(void){register unsigned long sp asm ("sp");return (struct thread_info *)(sp & ~(THREAD_SIZE - 1));} 4、標記 unsigned int flags; /* per PRocess flags, defined below */ flags成員的可能取值如下: #define PF_KSOFTIRQD 0x00000001 /* I am ksoftirqd */#define PF_STARTING 0x00000002 /* being created */#define PF_EXITING 0x00000004 /* getting shut down */#define PF_EXITPIDONE 0x00000008 /* pi exit done on shut down */#define PF_VCPU 0x00000010 /* I'm a virtual CPU */#define PF_WQ_WORKER 0x00000020 /* I'm a workqueue worker */#define PF_FORKNOEXEC 0x00000040 /* forked but didn't exec */#define PF_MCE_PROCESS 0x00000080 /* process policy on mce errors */#define PF_SUPERPRIV 0x00000100 /* used super-user privileges */#define PF_DUMPCORE 0x00000200 /* dumped core */#define PF_SIGNALED 0x00000400 /* killed by a signal */#define PF_MEMALLOC 0x00000800 /* Allocating memory */#define PF_USED_MATH 0x00002000 /* if unset the fpu must be initialized before use */#define PF_FREEZING 0x00004000 /* freeze in progress. do not account to load */#define PF_NOFREEZE 0x00008000 /* this thread should not be frozen */#define PF_FROZEN 0x00010000 /* frozen for system suspend */#define PF_FSTRANS 0x00020000 /* inside a filesystem transaction */#define PF_KSWAPD 0x00040000 /* I am kswapd */#define PF_OOM_ORIGIN 0x00080000 /* Allocating much memory to others */#define PF_LESS_THROTTLE 0x00100000 /* Throttle me less: I clean memory */#define PF_KTHREAD 0x00200000 /* I am a kernel thread */#define PF_RANDOMIZE 0x00400000 /* randomize virtual address space */#define PF_SWAPWRITE 0x00800000 /* Allowed to write to swap */#define PF_SPREAD_PAGE 0x01000000 /* Spread page cache over cpuset */#define PF_SPREAD_SLAB 0x02000000 /* Spread some slab caches over cpuset */#define PF_THREAD_BOUND 0x04000000 /* Thread bound to specific cpu */#define PF_MCE_EARLY 0x08000000 /* Early kill for mce process policy */#define PF_MEMPOLICY 0x10000000 /* Non-default NUMA mempolicy */#define PF_MUTEX_TESTER 0x20000000 /* Thread belongs to the rt mutex tester */#define PF_FREEZER_SKip 0x40000000 /* Freezer should not count it as freezable */#define PF_FREEZER_NOSIG 0x80000000 /* Freezer won't send signals to it */ 5、表示進程親屬關系的成員 struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process */struct task_struct *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */struct list_head children; /* list of my children */struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent's children list */struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */ 在Linux系統中,所有進程之間都有著直接或間接地聯系,每個進程都有其父進程,也可能有零個或多個子進程。擁有同一父進程的所有進程具有兄弟關系。 real_parent指向其父進程,如果創建它的父進程不再存在,則指向PID為1的init進程。 parent指向其父進程,當它終止時,必須向它的父進程發送信號。它的值通常與real_parent相同。 children表示鏈表的頭部,鏈表中的所有元素都是它的子進程。 sibling用于把當前進程插入到兄弟鏈表中。 group_leader指向其所在進程組的領頭進程。 6、ptrace系統調用 unsigned int ptrace;struct list_head ptraced;struct list_head ptrace_entry;unsigned long ptrace_message;siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use. */#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINTatomic_t ptrace_bp_refcnt;#endif 成員ptrace被設置為0時表示不需要被跟蹤,它的可能取值如下: /* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/ptrace.h */#define PT_PTRACED 0x00000001#define PT_DTRACE 0x00000002 /* delayed trace (used on m68k, i386) */#define PT_TRACESYSGOOD 0x00000004#define PT_PTRACE_CAP 0x00000008 /* ptracer can follow suid-exec */#define PT_TRACE_FORK 0x00000010#define PT_TRACE_VFORK 0x00000020#define PT_TRACE_CLONE 0x00000040#define PT_TRACE_EXEC 0x00000080#define PT_TRACE_VFORK_DONE 0x00000100#define PT_TRACE_EXIT 0x000000 7、Performance Event #ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTSstruct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp[perf_nr_task_contexts];struct mutex perf_event_mutex;struct list_head perf_event_list;#endif Performance Event是一款隨 Linux 內核代碼一同發布和維護的性能診斷工具。這些成員用于幫助PerformanceEvent分析進程的性能問題。 關于Performance Event工具的介紹可參考文章http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-perf1/index.html?ca=drs-#major1和http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-perf2/index.html?ca=drs-#major1。 8、進程調度 int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;unsigned int rt_priority;const struct sched_class *sched_class;struct sched_entity se;struct sched_rt_entity rt;unsigned int policy;cpumask_t cpus_allowed; 實時優先級范圍是0到MAX_RT_PRIO-1(即99),而普通進程的靜態優先級范圍是從MAX_RT_PRIO到MAX_PRIO-1(即100到139)。值越大靜態優先級越低。 /* linux-2.6.38.8/include/linux/sched.h */#define MAX_USER_RT_PRIO 100#define MAX_RT_PRIO MAX_USER_RT_PRIO#define MAX_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 40)#define DEFAULT_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO + 20) static_prio用于保存靜態優先級,可以通過nice系統調用來進行修改。 rt_priority用于保存實時優先級。 normal_prio的值取決于靜態優先級和調度策略。 prio用于保存動態優先級。新聞熱點
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