接入層交換機(jī)應(yīng)用 接入端口數(shù) 交換機(jī) Less than 50 19xx, 2820, 29xx(如CAD/CAM和IC設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境), 35xx Less than 100 4xxx(可提供多達(dá)36Gbit以太網(wǎng)端口,96個(gè)用戶(hù)接入) More than 100 5xxx(Multigigabit 10/100/1000Mbps)
傳統(tǒng)路由器功能: _ Determine paths based on logical addressing _ Run layer 3 checksums (on header only) _ Use Time to Live (TTL) _ PRocess and responds to any option information _ Can update Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) managers with Management Information Base (MIB) information _ Provide Security
Quality of Service的含義 Messages are given more resources if they need it. 例如電視會(huì)議應(yīng)用比電子郵件可能會(huì)得到更多的帶寬。 所以第四層的路由器或交換機(jī)可以根據(jù)第四層信息來(lái)控制流量。一種方法是采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的或擴(kuò)展的訪問(wèn)控制列表。另一種方法是通過(guò)NetFlow交換來(lái)提供流的第四層統(tǒng)計(jì)。 QQread.com 推出各大專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)器評(píng)測(cè) linux服務(wù)器的安全性能 SUN服務(wù)器 HP服務(wù)器 DELL服務(wù)器 IBM服務(wù)器 聯(lián)想服務(wù)器 浪潮服務(wù)器 曙光服務(wù)器 同方服務(wù)器 華碩服務(wù)器 寶德服務(wù)器 第二章 連接交換區(qū)塊
快速以太網(wǎng)的距離限制 技術(shù) 線纜分類(lèi) 線纜長(zhǎng)度 100BaseTX EIA/TIA類(lèi)型5(UTP) 非屏蔽雙絞線2對(duì) 100m 100BaseT4 EIA/TIA類(lèi)型3,4,5(UTP) 非屏蔽雙絞線4對(duì) 100m 100BaseFX 多模光纖MMF纜線 62.5um光纖核心,125um外層包裝(62.5/125) 400m
自動(dòng)協(xié)商優(yōu)先級(jí)識(shí)別 優(yōu)先級(jí)次序 物理層技術(shù) A 100BaseTX全雙工 B 100BaseT4 C 100BaseTX半雙工 D 10BaseT全雙工 E 10BaseT半雙工
Token Ring分段方法 Method Forwarding Decision Frame Modification Ring Numbering Transparent bridging MAC address N/A Source-route bridging RIF RIF Ring numbers must be unique among bridge ports. Source-route transparent bridging MAC address or RIF RIF Ring numbers must be unique among bridge ports. Source-route switching Route descripto Ring numbers can be same across switch ports (single ring can be segmented on several ports).
IOS命令集標(biāo)識(shí)一個(gè)端口(1900/2800,2900XL) Switch(config-if)#description description-string 假如在標(biāo)識(shí)字串中有空格,必須用引號(hào)括起來(lái)。 Switch(config-if)#description “description string” 而基于set命令的交換機(jī)設(shè)置端口標(biāo)識(shí)沒(méi)有這個(gè)問(wèn)題,命令不同,用Set port name命令。
交換環(huán)境中的兩種link: 1. Access link(接入):一單個(gè)VLAN的成員(A member of only one vlan)。 2. Trunk link(干道):Capable of carring multiple vlans。 混合鏈路,即該鏈路既是Trunk link又是Access link,它可傳輸兩種幀:標(biāo)記幀(帶VLAN信息)和非標(biāo)記幀
檢驗(yàn)缺省網(wǎng)關(guān) 基于Cisco IOS:show ip 基于Set:show ip route
分布層交換機(jī)治理接口的設(shè)定步驟 1. 指定治理接口sc0的IP地址; 2. 指定治理接口所屬的vlan,缺省為vlan1; 3. 指定治理接口的缺省網(wǎng)關(guān)。 sc0是Switch management interface 例如: set interface sc0 202.121.48.2 255.255.255.192 set interface sc0 vlan1 set ip route default 202.121.48.63 set interface sc0 up 可以歸并為二條命令 set interface sc0 1 202.121.48.2 255.255.255.192 202.121.48.63 set interface sc0 up
顯示sc0和sl0的當(dāng)前配置 show interface sl1是將console port配置成通過(guò)slip可以治理交換,也需要設(shè)置ip地址以及目的ip地址。是一種帶外治理(共兩種:console port, slip-aux)。
流掩碼(Flow Mask)模式 用來(lái)決定將數(shù)據(jù)包中多少信息放入MLS緩存中,而不是用來(lái)將數(shù)據(jù)包與MLS緩存中現(xiàn)有條目進(jìn)行比較的。MLS-SE支持三種流掩碼模式: 1. 目的IP(沒(méi)有訪問(wèn)列表,缺?。鹤畈痪唧w的流掩碼(The least specific flow mask mode)。 2. 源-目的IP(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)訪問(wèn)列表) 3. IP流(擴(kuò)展訪問(wèn)列表):最具體的流掩碼(The most specific flow mask mode )。 在mls-se上設(shè)置流掩碼:set mls flow [destination│destination-source│full]
The MLS-SE supports only one flow mask for all MLS-RP’s connected to the MLS-SE. If the MLS-SE receives messages indicating different flow masks from different MLS-RP’s the MLS-SE will set it’s flow mask to the most specific flow mask. MLS-RP’s running IOS 11.3 or later do not automatically support input access lists. To incorporate input access-lists the global configuration command ’mls rp ip input-acl’ must be configured.
查看虛擬路由器的IP地址和MAC地址地兩種方法: 1. show ip arp 2. show standby Ethernet3 - Group 1 Local state is Standby, priority 100 Hellotime 3 holdtime 10 Next hello sent in 00:00:00.898 Hot standby IP address is 202.121.49.251 configured Active router is 202.121.49.250 eXPires in 00:00:08 Standby router is local Standby virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac01 shtu-4500#
PIM DM非常有用的情形: 1. 發(fā)送方和接受訪彼此接近(Source and receivers close together); 2. 發(fā)送方很少,接受方很多(Few sources and many receivers); 3. Multicast數(shù)據(jù)流的數(shù)量很大(High volume of multicast traffic); 4. Multicast數(shù)據(jù)流是經(jīng)常性的(Constant multicast data streams)。
PIM SM非常有用的情形: 1. 在一個(gè)Multicast組中有較少的接受方(Few receivers in each group); 2. 數(shù)據(jù)流的類(lèi)型是間歇性的(Intermittent multicast traffic)。
顯示Multicast路由表實(shí)例: shtu-4500>sh ip mroute IP Multicast Routing Table Flags: D - Dense, S - Sparse, C - Connected, L - Local, P - Pruned R - RP-bit set, F - Register flag, T - SPT-bit set, J - Join SPT X - Proxy Join Timer Running Timers: Uptime/Expires Interface state: Interface, Next-Hop or VCD, State/Mode
訪問(wèn)控制列表應(yīng)用In和Out ip access-group:可以應(yīng)用于進(jìn)入或外出的數(shù)據(jù)流上。In訪問(wèn)控制列表在數(shù)據(jù)包進(jìn)入接口、選擇路由之前,對(duì)它進(jìn)行檢查。Out訪問(wèn)控制列表在數(shù)據(jù)包選擇路由之后,離開(kāi)接口之前,對(duì)它進(jìn)行檢查。 Access-class:In指明誰(shuí)可以Telnet到這臺(tái)設(shè)備。Out指明當(dāng)用戶(hù)已登錄到網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備內(nèi)部時(shí)可以Telnet到哪里。
端口安全設(shè)置和檢查 1. 基于Set/CLI命令:set port security mod_num/port_num enable mac_address show port mod_num/port_num 2. 基于IOS命令: port secure [max-mac-count maxinum_mac_count] show mac-address-table security [type module/port] maxinum_mac_count缺省值132,范圍1~132。 端口安全中進(jìn)行MAC地址鎖定有兩種方式: 1. MAC地址的靜態(tài)指定:治理員設(shè)置,比動(dòng)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)的更安全,但治理工作量大。 2. MAC地址的動(dòng)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí):在端口上第一個(gè)源MAC地址成為安全MAC地址。
SPAN Cisco switches have a Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) feature enables you to monitor traffic on any port for analysis by a network analyzer device or RMON probe. 顯示SPAN信息 show span
填空題!by default,the catalyst switch software sends error messages to the console terminal enter the command you would use to check for error message if they are redirected to another destination.